The Evolution of Complex Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Evolution of Complex Societies - Essay Example This paper is trying to investigate the rise of different complex societies or civilizations in various regions of the world. One key technique of facilitating this investigation is to recognize the common features of these complex societies and the aspects that have influenced their development that can be distinguished from the archaeological evidence. The renowned authors have provided various methods with their theories for the advance of complex societies, such as the multiple effect theory. According to their works, innovations in one subsystem or aspect of culture boost and influence other cultural aspects via positive feedback. The authors argue that the cumulative impact of the interaction between these diverse subsystems due to these innovations is the emergence of civilization. This theory of multiplier effect in force is demonstrated by deducing the assortment of artifacts from the diverse cultures of the Aegean Bronze Age during the 3rd millennium BCE and examining seeds , animal bones, and architectural remnants collected from archaeological sites located in the area that date to this period. The authors’ explanation of the evolution of complex cultures during the Aegean period has persisted to dictate the way Aegean archaeologists approach this subject. Their ideas have widely endured the examination of Aegean archaeologists, raising the question of whether this theory can effectively explain the evolution of various diverse complex cultures worldwide. ... For instance, questions have been raised as to whether the theory can explain the complex societies that emerged in the lower Mississippi valley in the 2nd millennium BCE. This culture is most recognized by the huge earthworks in northeast Louisiana at Poverty Point. Examination of the archaeological data and artifacts of the Poverty Point society offers a positive answer to the questions raised. Despite the despite the immense differences between the societies in terms of their religion, art, architecture, and economics, the archaeological data point out this theory, as the authors explain (Stanish 2005). For a study of two such contrasting societies, that exist in very different surroundings, showing that they were influenced by the same exact processes, the theory offers students an instrument which they can connect to the archaeological data to assist them understand the universal influence that the evolution of complex societies had on human societies. This comparative approach has an additional instructional advantage in that students are able to expand their appreciation for the distinctive factors of each specific culture based on the artifacts that each society produced (Tainter 1988). As a result, in the process of studying one early complex society after another, students can discover to acknowledge how particular kinds of relics expose similar practices at work in the evolution of complex societies and the diversity in these societies. This comparative approach can be demonstrated by first identifying the main factors that characterize a complex society as categorized by the two authors. The authors use the neutral terms "simple" and

Corporate Valuation, Capital Structure and Dividend policy Essay

Corporate Valuation, Capital Structure and Dividend policy - Essay Example News Corporation is one of the top television groups in the world. Its business includes the best broadcasting company of United States called Fox Broadcasting Company. News Corporation’s cable network programming segment produces and issues licenses for programming to be broadcast on satellite. In addition to this News Corporation is one of the best motion picture producers. Fox Filmed Entertainment is considered to be the market leader in the movie production and distribution (News Corporation, 2013). In this report, some of the strategic decisions made by the companies in the year 2012 and 2011, have been considered and their impact on profitability. Capital structure has also been discussed in detail as well as dividend policy (1)Business Decisions News Corporation In June 2012, the board of director of the New Corporation decided to operate with two specializes segments. One of the segments will focus on news, publishing and education and the other segment will focus on t he media and entertainment. The company believes that they will be able to achieve the expected rate of growth with the application of this change. Return on assets measures which the profit in terms of total assets used by the business (Berman & Joe, 2008), for the quarter ended March 2012 was only 1.49% because the total profit was only $937 million and the total assets were $62,745 million. The profit was continuously declining and the company sustained loss of $1,553 million in the quarter ended June 2012. After this decision the profitability in both the quarter ended was improved. News Corporation enabled itself to achieve 3.56% returns on assets in the September quarter and this return further improved a bit in the last quarter and it reached to 3.79%. Market capitalization can be calculates by multiplying the number of outstanding share with the share price on a particular day (Francesco, 2007). The total number of outstanding shares is 1,584.5 million. Share price were incr eased from $19.71 per share to $25.51 per share in December 2012 which resulted in increased market capitalization. Market capitalization in March 2012 was $31,230.5 (1,584.5 million shares*$19.71) million as compare to the market capitalization of the $40,420 (1,584.5 million shares*$25.51) million in December 2012. News Corporation repurchased capital stock of $4.6 billion in the year ended June 2012. The company is planning to repurchase another $5 billion share from the market next year. This repurchase will definitely improve the profitability in the long. EPS will improve significantly together with ROCE. Since the capital employed will decrease by the heavy amount and there is no serious decline is expected in the profit. However, market capitalization will also decrease since the number of outstanding shares will decline. The company took initiative to make the growth rate faster. The major work was done on the Cable Network Programming. This proved to be the most important factor of the growth in 2011. Due to this growth the company was able to achieve growth of 22% in four quarters of the financial year 2011. This growth also resulted in higher earnings per share and high operating profit I every segment in 2011. Limited Brands The company repurchased shares amounting to $1.190 billion. Due to this repurchase the dividend per share was increased from $0.6 per share in 2009 to $3.8 per share in 2011. Earnings per share have also increased due to this reason. This repurchase has not

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners Vocabulary knowledge has been considered as basic principles of learning English and it also has a determinant impact on EFL Witting skills. Writing is one of the important ways to learn English language that involves students ideas into the written text. Vocabulary mastery is one of knowledge that important to learn writing, listening, reading, and speaking A good writer has to know a set of vital items to enrich his writing such as grammar punctuation, capitalization rules; figurative language; rhyme; rhythm; and vocabulary. One item that can power up writing is a strong vocabulary. Spoken and written words are used to communicate ideas, thoughts, and emotions and they are so common among EFL learners, sometimes communicating will be successful and sometimes its quite reverse. To write an article, essay or even a composition which is written at school by students, good vocabulary is an essential object. Knowing synonyms and using strong vocabularies, give readers a good sense of meaning and information will make the writing more influential. In Santos, 1988; Astika,1993 study(cited in Lee,2003) has shown that lack of vocabulary contributes to writing difficulty for foreign language learners and that vocabulary is one of the most important features that determine writing quality The current article focused on the impact of vocabulary on writing in EFL learners. Importance of Vocabulary in Writing Vocabulary is defined as knowledge of words which is considered vital for language development and acquisition and is recognized as an essential factor in writing. It can also describe as the ability to use words in the generation and understanding of sentences. Beck, McCaslin, McKeown, 1980 study(cited in Yonek,2008)There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating a link between vocabularies and students ability to read and comprehend passages. Researchers have also explored the role of vocabulary in three main aspects of students writing performance: (a) shaping teachers perceptions of writing quality; (b) predicting students overall writing performance, and (c) enhancing the quality of students written compositions( Papadopoulou, 2007,p.35). Papadopoulou,2007 said that there is a positive relationship between mature vocabulary (assessed by lexical choice) and high quality ratings. Particularly, when Neilsen and Piche (1981) compared the effects of syntactic complexity versus lexical choice on the ratings of writing quality, they reported high quality ratings for passages with mature vocabulary regardless of the passages syntactic complexity. Similarly, according to Papadopoulou,2007 examined the role of vocabulary in formatting teachers judgments of college freshmens written arguments:. It was reported that the appropriateness of words used, rather than the simple production of words, was more important in influencing teachers judgments of writing quality. The number of diction or word-choice errors per 100 words written was found to be a particularly strong predictor of writing quality. (Papadopoulou,2007,p.102) Vocabulary is also considered as a strong predictor of students overall writing performance when vocabulary scores are compared to more elaborated criterion measures of written expression such as the Test of Written Language (Towel;Hammill Larsen, 1978), the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT; Madden, Gardner,Rudman, Karlsen, Merwin, 1978), and the Developmental Sentence Scoring System (Lee Canter, 1971). Significant research has been conducted on the effects of vocabulary instruction on reading performance but studies investigating vocabulary instruction and writing are few (Duin Graves, 1987). It also illustrates the effects of vocabulary instruction on the quality of students written products. (Yonek,2008,p.68) Despite the correlations between verbal ability and writing, the nature of the relationship between the two is less certain. A rich vocabulary allows writer to get a richness of thought onto paper. However, the writers real pleasure comes not from using an exotic word but from using the right word. In other research, effective writing has also been shown to be reliant upon verbal working memory . Those students who have considerable difficulty in producing well written compositions suffer from underdeveloped oral proficiency levels. According to Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987 study,(cited in Lee,2003)Further research shows that verbal memory limitations impact both quantity and quality of writing . In writing, using correct verbs, propositions and grammatical point is so important. Vocabulary and writing: Finding the right words In some ways, the ability to write effectively hinges upon having an adequate vocabulary even more than does the ability to read. Once students have learned to decode words, they may be able to read and pronounce many words that are unfamiliar to them. They may even be able to determine accurate meanings of unfamiliar words simply by examining the context in which those words are used. During the writing process, however, a student does not have the luxury of examining the context in which a word is used; he or she is creating the context. Therefore, the writer must be able to spontaneously recall words that are known not only by sight, but that are understood well enough to use correctly. Writing is dependent upon the ability to draw upon words to describe an event. The breadth and depth of a students vocabulary will have a direct influence upon the descriptiveness, accuracy, and quality of his or her writing. Yonek( 2008) notes, variety in selecting words to convey accurate meanings is necessary in speaking and writing, the outgoes of the language arts and at any level, written communication is more effective when a depth of vocabulary and command of language is (p. 25-26). Principles of vocabulary development Since words are the writers most important tools, vocabulary development must be an important and ongoing part of classroom learning. In Laflamme (1997) study( cited in yonek 2008) offers several key principles that should guide the creation and implementation of a comprehensive vocabulary development program. 1. Teachers must offer direct instruction of techniques or procedures for developing a broad and varied vocabulary. This instruction can be provided both formally through the language arts program, and informally through various classroom interactions-such as story time-with students. 2. New vocabulary terms must be connected to students previous knowledge and experiences. If students are unable to contextualize new words by attaching them to words and concepts they already understand, the words will likely have little meaning to them, and if meaning is lacking, the chances are pupils will memorize terms and concepts for testing purposes only or largely. 3. Students should be able to contextualize the vocabulary terms they have learned and use them in society. In order for students to do this successfully, they must first learn to become comfortable using these words in the classroom. Students should be required or encouraged to incorporate new vocabulary terms into their oral and written reports and presentations. 4. Practice and repetition are important methods by which students can become familiar with new words and under- stand how they may be used correctly .Students should be frequently exposed to the same words through practice exercises, classroom use, and testing. 5. Teachers should model an enthusiasm for and curiosity about new words through their own behaviors and attitudes. Teachers who are enthusiastic about vocabulary development will automatically look for teachable moments throughout the day, pointing out interesting words as they crop up in texts, stories, or conversation; asking students to explore alternative ways of expressing concepts; and helping identify colorful, descriptive ways of speaking and writing. 6. Schools, teachers, and students must be committed to vocabulary development over the long term. The teaching of vocabulary must be an interdisciplinary project, integrated into the curriculum at every level. Effects of vocabulary Instruction on writing and using vocabulary to improve writing skills Efforts to improve writing performance through vocabulary instruction have been limited making generalizations about the role of vocabulary instruction unwarranted. However, a few studies examining the effects of vocabulary instruction on writing reveal some promising findings between the two. While improved vocabulary can enhance students writing skills, there is no guarantee that it will do so automatically. Improvement in vocabulary will result in improved writing skills only if the teacher is able to create a classroom that takes writing seriously. In Corona, Spangenberger 1998 study (cited in lee 2003) in such a classroom, process and environment are closely intertwined and interdependent. The process does not come alive unless the environment is conducive to it. The following are techniques teachers can use to create a writing-centered classroom. 1. Sharing vocabulary-rich literature by reading books, poems, and stories that contain interesting vocabulary, teachers can both introduce new words and provide a forum for discussing them. It helps the students become better writers, 2. Helping students to look for interesting words. There are many different forms this can take. For example, students could pair up and look through books for words that catch their attention, then write down common words that the author could have used instead. 3. Offering a variety of writing opportunities. A writer-centered classroom emphasizes using written expression to communicate ideas. Writing is an important part of all areas of the curriculum. The authors go on to note that students have a greater investment in their writing when they are given choices about their assignments. Such choices may include journal or diary entries, weekly logs summarizing journal entries, book reports, outlines, poetry, autobiographies, short stories, or any number of variations on the above. 4. Providing sample time for students to fully experience the writing process . The teaching of writing should be approached as a process that must be studied in depth, and substantial blocks of time should be devoted to writing. 5. Allowing students to conference with teachers and fellow students. When writing topics are chosen, students should meet with their teacher to discuss ideas and answer questions. The teachers role is to encourage, build on existing strengths, and help the student expand his or her abilities. Conferencing with fellow students gives the budding writer the opportunity to share ideas, brainstorm, and rework his or her project. Research (Henry, Scott Wells, 1999;cited in Yonek 2008) has shown Teachers who are following principles relating to vocabulary development: valuing words is critical to student learning, wide reading and direct instruction are critical components to vocabulary learning, and modeling word consciousness with a focus on language use encouraged students to pay attention to words Conclusion: In Scott 2004, study (cited in Lee 2003) research shows that having a large and sophisticated vocabulary helps a writer produce quality text by limiting the cognitive demands during a writing task. Though research connecting effective vocabulary instruction and writing is limited, some studies suggest that rich vocabulary instruction and developing word consciousness can positively influence writing. Principles identified from the research relating to generalized effects in comprehension as a result of vocabulary instruction may serve as the basis for effective instructional methods designed to increase word knowledge to a degree that can affect writing.

An Analytical Essay on the Significance of the Players in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on the Significance of the Players in Hamlet       The significance of the players exceeds the sole purpose of entertainment, as each possesses the power to unveil the "occulted guilt" (3.2.75) and conscience of the King.   Hamlet assumes the responsibility to advise these players with precise and adequate direction so that a "whirlwind of passion" (6) may not effectively separate Claudius from personally identifying with the play.   Hamlet's enthusiastic approach toward direction may be so that he encourages the players to "suit the action to the word, the word to the/ action, with this special observance, that you o'erstep not/ the modesty of nature" (16-18).   However, this exercise of caution may justify Hamlet's too often delayed attempt toward the action of avenging his father's murder.   His direction confines him to the overflow of words as he experiences imprisonment within the truth of his own identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet grants himself the opportunity to momentarily direct himself, yet it remains unknown as to whether he directs a representation of truth or a falsity.   He exemplifies madness so well, as the sight of "a damned ghost" (77) insanely induces his imagination and comfortably transforms his identity to one of lunacy.   This role he acquires is one he portrays so explicitly well as an actor that he easily utilizes it as the foundation for his players.   He instructs the players:    Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, Thus, but use all gently, for in the very torrent, tempest, And, as I may say, whirlwind of passion, you must acquire And beget a temperance that may give it smoothness.   (4-7)    Abstinence from overly dramatizing the actions of the play may be reflective of Hamlet's character prior to his escape from true self: a once-lived life of normalcy focused more wholly on "smoothness" (7) rather than an uncontrolled "torrent, tempest, / ...whirlwind of passion" (5-6).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's direction of the players claims victory as Claudius abruptly arises and exclaims, "Give me some light.   Away" (254)!   Horatio's observation of the King's reaction confirms his guilt-inflamed conscience as he was forced to witness the reenactment of his brother's murder.   Hamlet, relieved, reveals, "I'll take the ghost's word for a thousand/ pound" (271-272).   The ghost is officially trustworthy as the King's reaction encourages Hamlet to journey further toward his mission of avenging the death of his father. An Analytical Essay on the Significance of the Players in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays An Analytical Essay on the Significance of the Players in Hamlet       The significance of the players exceeds the sole purpose of entertainment, as each possesses the power to unveil the "occulted guilt" (3.2.75) and conscience of the King.   Hamlet assumes the responsibility to advise these players with precise and adequate direction so that a "whirlwind of passion" (6) may not effectively separate Claudius from personally identifying with the play.   Hamlet's enthusiastic approach toward direction may be so that he encourages the players to "suit the action to the word, the word to the/ action, with this special observance, that you o'erstep not/ the modesty of nature" (16-18).   However, this exercise of caution may justify Hamlet's too often delayed attempt toward the action of avenging his father's murder.   His direction confines him to the overflow of words as he experiences imprisonment within the truth of his own identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet grants himself the opportunity to momentarily direct himself, yet it remains unknown as to whether he directs a representation of truth or a falsity.   He exemplifies madness so well, as the sight of "a damned ghost" (77) insanely induces his imagination and comfortably transforms his identity to one of lunacy.   This role he acquires is one he portrays so explicitly well as an actor that he easily utilizes it as the foundation for his players.   He instructs the players:    Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, Thus, but use all gently, for in the very torrent, tempest, And, as I may say, whirlwind of passion, you must acquire And beget a temperance that may give it smoothness.   (4-7)    Abstinence from overly dramatizing the actions of the play may be reflective of Hamlet's character prior to his escape from true self: a once-lived life of normalcy focused more wholly on "smoothness" (7) rather than an uncontrolled "torrent, tempest, / ...whirlwind of passion" (5-6).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's direction of the players claims victory as Claudius abruptly arises and exclaims, "Give me some light.   Away" (254)!   Horatio's observation of the King's reaction confirms his guilt-inflamed conscience as he was forced to witness the reenactment of his brother's murder.   Hamlet, relieved, reveals, "I'll take the ghost's word for a thousand/ pound" (271-272).   The ghost is officially trustworthy as the King's reaction encourages Hamlet to journey further toward his mission of avenging the death of his father.

Hrm 590 Course Project Part a

Human Resource Receptionist Job Summary: The HR Receptionist will be responsible for Greets the public; provides general administrative support including answering phones, typing, scheduling appointments; complaint handling/tracking; employee applications. Providing assistance and directions to the organizations, on where to go to address their HR questions. Essential Job Functions:Excellent phone etiquette with at least one year experience operating a telephone switchboard to answer, screen and forward calls, providing information, taking messages and scheduling appointments. Greet and Welcome employees and visitors to demonstrate good customer serviceMaintain personnel files in alphabetical order to maintain file organization.Excellent writing skills in order to prepare letters and related documents using Microsoft Word as well as (Excel, PowerPoint and Access) to communicate with employees and stakeholders of the organization.Assist Public and employees with personnel questions using the company policy and procedure to ensure the correct information is given. Sort and distribute incoming mails and faxes by departments to get to the intended recipient in a timely manner.Coordinate Director’s calendar Using MS Outlook Calendar to keep appointments, meetings and manage the director’s daily schedule.Previous Knowledge of adm inistrative and pre-employment assessments is a plus.Required Knowledge, skills and abilities:Knowledge of a multi-line phone system with at least 2-3 years of receptionist and/or administrative experience.Previous knowledge of administration and pre-employment assessments. Two years of proven customer service experience (i. e. friendly attitude, listening, proactive and willingness to help).Three years or more experience using MS office software applications (MS word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access) as well as MS OutlookKnowledge of using organizational alphabetical filing system and filing procedureAbility to work independently; Self-starter who takes initiativeAbility to multi-task and quickly change direction based on changing needs and priorities.Ability to exercise discretion while handling confidential information. ExperienceJob related experience is required Education Associates or Bachelor’s Degree in business or Human Resources Certifications & Licenses None Required Env ironmental Factors and Conditions/Physical Requirements The HR Receptionist position requires the following physical demands: prolonged sitting or standing, some lifting, carrying, pushing, and/or pulling; some stooping, kneeling, and reaching and significant fine finger dexterity. Equipment and tools utilized Computer, Multi-line phone system, Copier, and Fax Machine Pre -employment background check and drug screening requiredLiterature Review Organizations are growing in size each and every day, which in turn creates a high demand for employees. This outcome, however, needs a systematic approach to determine the right employee for the right position. The process has become so large that organizations need specialized help from Human Resource Management (HRM) departments to ensure that the requirements of the position are met. Therefore, the HRM department provides the function of job analysis in order to select the right individual for the position. Job analysis is a complex and v ital part of every HRM program, as well as an important systematic process used within an organization to determine future members of the workforce. † Job analysis contributes too many important Human Resource Management functions as it identifies and analyzes the relation between the job and what is required. According to the â€Å"Job Analysis: Overview,† Job analysis is a process used to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties, requirements, and the relative importance of these duties for a given position or a particular job.A job analysis defines the work, activities, tasks, objectives, products, services, or processes required to perform a particular job. It collects details about work activities, human behaviors, machine, tools, equipment and work aids, performance standards, job context, and human requirements. These in turn help to identify the knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform a job. An important factor to note is that in th is process, analysis is conducted on the job, not the person, which also results in a description of the job and not the person.There are many different methods/ways to conduct a job analysis. It is dependent on organizational needs and what resources are available. Questionnaires, observations and interviews are very common methods. Although individual methods are used exclusively, several can be used in combination, besides the 3 resources listed above there are also the use of surveys as well. In fact, it is recommended that utilizing more than one method is more sensible (How, 1998), (Dessler, 2005).In human resources, job analysis plays an important role of it. It provides information regarding positions in the organization. It is an important topic as well as a vital employment tool which can assist with HR activities and potential and current employees, ‘Job analysis is the systematic study of positions to identify their observable duties and responsibilities, as well a s the knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform a particular task or group of tasks’ (Kovac, 2006, p. ). Job analysis can be used in determining training needs by identifying training content, the assessment tests which need to be used to measure the effectiveness of training, the equipment to be used in the training process, and the methods of training. Job Analysis can also be used in compensation to identify the skill levels, the compensable job factors, the work environment, the responsibilities, and the required level of education and salary level.In selection procedures, job analysis can be used to identify job duties that need to be included in ads of vacant position, the appropriate salary levels for a position, the minimum requirements, the interview questions, the selection tests, the evaluation forms, etc. For performance reviews, job analysis can be used to figure out goals and objectives, performance standards, the evaluation criteria, the length of pro bationary period. (www. ssa. gov Review and Evaluation of Job Analysis Practices) I based my job analysis on these same characteristics stated above, I used the interview, and observation for my job analysis.By visiting my previous employer human resource department and talking with the human resources manager in order to get a better in-site on how they do their job analysis, as well as doing some online research as well as getting information on human resources books. My task and KSA statements are based on the job descriptions of other human resource receptionist positions in my area. Through my research on this particular position I have found that every business or company has several different descriptions of what their human resource receptionist does based on the type of business that it is.Even though a lot of the descriptions were the same for corporations and larger business for the most part, smaller businesses that did have this position seemed to lack in the job descri ption of their human resource receptions and had other job descriptions for them like working large equipment. This project has definitely taught me more than I ever knew about human resources and what they really do I didn’t realize how much work went into the Human Resources Department of a business.

Critical Book Review of “Fast Food Nation” Essay

In this essay, an attempt is made to critically review the book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† which deals with the process of emergence of fast food culture in America leading to significant social changes. Analysis The meticulously researched book â€Å"Fast Food Nation† is written by the journalist Eric Schlosser. The author devotes much attention to unhealthy fast food, labor violations, and many cases of food poisoning. The author gives information regarding the process of emergence of fast food culture in America; the health issues related to fast food culture, and the government regulations regarding the fast food. In this book, the author demonstrates the ugly side of American food culture. According to the author of this book Americans spend more on fast food than on books, movies, etc. In 2001, Americans have spent $110 billion on fast food. There are 43000 meatpacking workers. Fast food industry spends $3 billion to attract the young people to the fast food centers. The author states that every American consumes three hamburgers and four orders of French fries every week. He says that the social price of fast food has neglected the traditional American values. The attempt of the author is to argue against the consumption of fast food by the Americans. He obtained information through fieldwork and by interviewing different categories of workers involved in fast food production. The author argues that the main reason for opening so many fast food centers was to attract large number of people to the fast food culture. This is a part of the capitalist agenda since the fast food centers have increased the capital of the owners of these centers. Due to this, few corporations have dominated the fast food business in America. The author does not hide his distrust regarding the fundamental principles of the capitalist system. He has given information regarding the economic strategies of the capitalists in popularizing the consumption of fast food among the American youth and other sections of American society. The book also gives information regarding the problems faced by the teen-aged workers who were paid low wages. The author mentions that one out of every eight worker in America is employed in McDonald. McDonald’s hire nearly million people a year. However, they work under dangerous working conditions. It is mentioned that three companies master 80 percent of US demand for frozen fries. The author visited the slaughterhouses and comprehended the potential health hazards both to the workers and the consumers. He mentions that each year one in three workers go to doctor due to problem with their stomach. The author gives the information that two thirds of fast food workers are under 20 and most of them work 12 hours shift. To demonstrate his argument the author has used the examples, logos from the companies such as MacDonald’s. The fast food culture has few negative impacts on the health and society of America. For instance, this has increased the problem of obesity. These restaurants use items such as potatoes and cattle to produce the popular food. The use of items such as oil and method of production of meat has increased the problem of obesity in America. Obesity in the recent years has emerged as the one of the most severe social and health problems among the American youth. Thus, fast food culture can be considered as one factor leading to this problem of obesity in America. However, the author has neglected the role of consumer while discussing the growth of fast food culture. The author points out the need for government regulations to curb the freedom of multi national companies in imposing their capitalist agenda on the people. The fast food mostly produced and consumed by the younger generation are not healthy. Regarding the health hazard, the author refers to E. coli and salmonella infection. The author blames the politicians for taking money from agri business capitalists, which has increased the number of fast food restaurants throughout America. The author has urged the readers that they should run away from the fast food in order to maintain their health. The fact that fast food culture is becoming popular indicates the emergence of significant changes in the American society. The fast food centers have on the one hand created health problems, and, on the other, they have led to changes in the social values among the American youth. The author says that everyday one-quarter of adult population in America visit fast food centers. Although people are aware of the bad effects of the fast food, still fast foods have not lost their popularity. Thus, the author does not give clear explanation regarding the reasons for the popularity of these fast food centers. However, the author, by the use of statistics, symbols, and examples has succeeded in arguing against the monopoly of few companies in fast food business. He has demonstrated the negative impact of fast food on health and society of America. Those who read this book would not send their children to the fast food centers. Conclusion The book â€Å"Fast Food Nation† has convincingly proved that fast food culture has led to problem of obesity and affected the workers and health of consumers of fast food. This also demonstrates that the nature of changes that would emerge in the future American society.

Dont Pay for Play Essay

Dont Pay for Play Essay Dont Pay for Play Essay zyblee Don't Pay for Play! Does someone who gets to go to college for free, never having to pay a penny deserve to be paid for playing college sports? No, paying college athletes is just a bad idea. â€Å"There are way too many logistical, economic, and legal hurdles that would have to be erased before college athletes could ever be paid† (Ryder). The numbers that ESPN gives can be a little deceiving. Although popular sports such as football and basketball bring in millions of dollars, for most universities that money is hardly enough to cover their department cost (Ryder). College athletes are playing their favorite sport at state of the art facilities in front of thousands of fans and get an education for free, so why would they be paid? Powerhouse schools such as Ohio State get tons of revenue every year and that doesn't even cover the schools budget. â€Å"There are many schools that lose money every year so how could they pay their students on top of giving them free tuition† (Ryder). So therefore the more money the school has the more money the athletes would get paid and that would be unfair in recruiting. With the ridiculous amount of time college athletes spend on school and their sport they have no time for a job and not every kid has wealthy parents that can just send them money every week. This makes it hard for some athletes to pay for living expenses and entertainment such as bills, clothes, entertainment, etc. (rose 48).â€Å"My solution of providing student athletes $2,000 per semester will at least offer these kids a drop in the bucket†(rose 48). There are many reasons why college athletes feel like they need to be paid and some of them have a valid point, but there are just too many things that would be unfair in the payment of college athletes. Football and basketball are obviously the favored sports on most campuses, but kids work just as hard in other sports and their programs don't make enough money to pay them the stipend that the major sports could pay their athletes (Pheifer). Certain players are more popular than others and certain sports are more popular than others so people know there would be a lot of arguing and controversy. Schools like USC and Stanford have all the money so in theory all the kids would go to schools like that wouldn't they? One of the major reasons paying players to play is because of what it would do to recruiting and competition. If the rich schools kept getting great players and winning then they would keep getting richer and the other schools would keep getting poorer. Students earn a free tuition which over the course of 4 years can exceed $200,000, they are also provided with housing textbooks, food and academic tutoring. When they travel to road games, they are given perdiems for meals (Davis). â€Å"They also get coaching, training, game experience and media exposure they earn in their respective† (Davis). So you can talk about how they can’t have a job with their low amount of free time but they have so many benefits that it over rides all those arguments. There is an argument between the value of a scholarship and what a student-athlete actually needs (Davis). There is a gap between this and many people in college sports think that the scholarship model should be met to close this gap (Davis). The problem is this gap is in all sports, for all athletes so it would have to be fixed. This fix would be very timely and expensive. But at least people are thinking of ways to make college athletes needs be met without straight up paying them. Let’s talk about how unfair it would be to pay certain players and sports more money again. The football team brings in more revenue than the volleyball team, but that’s why NFL players get paid big bucks and there is not a professional volleyball league to be found (Geisler). â€Å"Picking one sport over another is fine when youâ €™re working in the free market as an entity, as professional sports teams and leagues do† (Geisler). You cannot give players

Freud’s Theory of Defense Mechanism Essays

Freud’s Theory of Defense Mechanism Essays Freud’s Theory of Defense Mechanism Essay Freud’s Theory of Defense Mechanism Essay Psychoanalytic ego psychology is distinguished by the priority that it assigns to the egos management of instinct-derivatives. Ego psychology had its foundations in Freuds writings of the 1920s, but first became a distinctive approach to psychoanalysis in the 1930s. In Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud (1926a) listed ten manners by which the ego defends itself against dangerous thoughts: regression, reaction-formation, isolation, undoing, repression, introjection or identification, projection, turning against the self, reversal, and sublimation or displacement of instinctual aims. To this list of defenses, Anna Freud (1966) added identification with the aggressor (pp. 116-120). The list has since continued to grow. For Freud, das Ich, â€Å"the I, † was a metaphor that signified the part of the mind with which a person consciously identifies. In a loose sense, it was Freuds way of discussing the self. More technically, however, he defined the ego as the part of the mind that performs rational thinking, the type of thought that he considered a â€Å"secondary process.† Freuds (1923a, 1940b) concept of the ego did not include the defense mechanisms that Anna Freud (1966) attributed to it. Freud (1926a) explained: Symptom-formation†¦has two assets: one, hidden from view, brings about the alteration in the id in virtue of which the ego is removed from danger; the other, presented openly, shows what has been created in place of the instinctual process that has been affected-namely, the substitutive formation. It would, however, be more correct to ascribe to the defensive process what we have just said about symptom-formation and to use the latter term as synonymous with substitute-formation. (p. 145) : In this formulation, defense consists of (1) unconscious stimulus barriers, such as repression, that enlarge the dynamic unconscious repressed and so remove the ego from danger, and (2) the substitution of a fantasy for the repressed that manifests the repressed in symbolic fashion. The stimulus barriers are ego functions, and they alone are truly defensive. The substitute-formations are not ego functions; they are products of unconscious symbol-formation. Freud (1926a) explained them as pathological symptoms to which the ego makes an accommodation: It is†¦only natural that the ego should try to prevent symptoms from remaining isolated in one way or another, and to incorporate them into its organization†¦. The ego now proceeds to behave as though it recognized that the symptom had come to stay and that the only thing to do was to accept the situation in good part and draw as much advantage from it as possible. It makes an adaptation to the symptom-to this piece of the internal world which is alien to it-just as it normally does to the real external world. (pp. 98-99) Freuds (1926a) notion of defense mechanisms as â€Å"a kind of frontier-station with a mixed garrison† (p. 99) reflects the complexity of their origin. Every so-called defense mechanism combines a stimulus barrier, belonging to the ego, with a fantasy formation, of unconscious origin, to which the ego has adapted. Why does the ego accommodate selected pathological symptoms? Were the unconscious to be constantly producing new symptoms, the ego would be obliged to respond to them all, resulting in unwanted and frequent mood swings. Instituting selected symptoms as permanent structures does not lessen their irrationality. It has the advantage, however, of making the type of irrationality predictable. Because the predictability provides the ego with stability that is necessary for mood regulation, the automatization of selected symptoms may reasonably be regarded as a kind of defense. Unfortunately, Freud failed to distinguish clearly between stimulus barriers and the symptoms that the ego automatizes for its purposes of stability. The oversight led to the widespread neglect of the origin and nature of the automatized symptoms. Anna Freuds The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1966), first published in 1936, expressed an over-simplification that went unchallenged for half a century. Anna Freud (1966, 157) postulated â€Å"the egos primary antagonism to instinct-its dread of the strength of the instincts† (p. 157). She maintained her position throughout her life. â€Å"Many disputed it when I said it, and I still say that the ego as such is hostile rather than friendly and helpful to the instincts, because its against its nature to be friendly† (Sandler with Freud 1985, 494). Anna Freuds concept of defense flowed similarly from her failure to embrace the subtleties of her fathers formulation of psychic structure. Anna Freud wrote: The part played by the ego in the formation of those compromises which we call symptoms consists in the unvarying use of a special method of defense, when confronted with a particular instinctual demand, and the repetition of exactly the same procedure every time that demand recurs in its stereotyped form. (p. 34) In this presentation, defenses belong exclusively to the ego and are not themselves compromise formations. Symptoms and defenses are mutually exclusive; and it is symptoms that are compromise formations-between the instincts and the defenses! Anna Freuds account of defenses agreed with her fathers formulation in so far as stimulus barriers were intended, but it misrepresented the circumstances of such defenses as regression, reaction-formation, undoing, introjection or identification, projection, turning against the self, and reversal. In her fathers view, these defenses were themselves pathological symptoms. Anna Freuds hypothesis of â€Å"the egos primary antagonism to instinct† was able to command the devotion of ego psychologists presumably because Freuds structural concepts of id and ego were understood, for clinical purposes, on the topographic model of the old systems Unconscious and Perception-Consciousness. Anna Freud stated that for many decades she and many other psychoanalysts used both the topographic and the structural models of the mind in alternation, depending on whether, for example, they were momentarily concerned with dreams or defense mechanisms. â€Å"I definitely belong to the people who feel free to fall back on the topographical aspects whenever convenient, and to leave them aside and to speak purely structurally when that is convenient† (Sandler with A. Freud 1985, 31). In similar fashions, Bertram D. Lewin (1952), Jacob A. Arlow and Charles Brenner (1964), and Heinz Kohut (1984) estimated that most of their contemporaries reverted to the topographi c hypothesis when conceptualizing dreams. Bernard Apfelbaum (1966) drew attention to the distinction I have emphasized between Freuds view of the ego as the secondary process and Anna Freuds expansion of the ego to include character defenses: A distinction must be drawn between two conceptions of the ego: what may be called the â€Å"reality ego† versus the â€Å"defence ego.† The â€Å"reality ego† emphasizes the egos temporizing, compromising function-as a busy mediator between the demands of reality and of the drives. The â€Å"defence ego† is a more active principle, having superordinate goals of its own, before which both reality and the drives must yield. (p. 462) Ego psychologys transformation of the ego from a â€Å"reality ego† that performs rational thought, into a â€Å"defense ego† that includes the â€Å"character armor† (Reich 1949) of irrational defenses, depended on equating the ego with the sense of self. This step, taken within American ego psychology, later served as a point of departure for Heinz Kohut (1971, 1977, 1984), whose system of self-psychology may be seen as both a valuable contribution and an inappropriate expansion of defense analysis into a complete program of psychotherapy. Continuing David Rapaports (1960, 1967) project of introducing academic methodology and systematizing within ego psychology, Roy Schafer (1968) took issue with the â€Å"traces of the machine analogy in the prevailing conception of defence mechanisms† (p. 52). There are no machines in the mind. There are only thoughts. The notion of a mechanism is either a fallacy or a metaphor that refers summarily to both â€Å"the instinctual act and the defence against it† (p. 54). Morris Eagle (1984) added that â€Å"the supposition that the intensity of the instincts is threatening to the ego† derives from a reification of the metaphor of psychic energy. It is a purely fictitious notion. â€Å"The idea that instinctual impulses, particularly those of great intensity, are inherently dangerous to the ego derives from an a priori tension-reduction model of human behavior and a conception of the nervous system as naturally and ideally quiescent, and disturbed, in varying degrees, by excitation† (p. 111). Because too much energy will shatter or burn out a machine, reifying the metaphors of psychic energy and psychic structures leads to the idea that the structures of the psychical apparatus are inherently and necessarily threatened by psychic energies. In â€Å"Analysis Terminable and Interminable, † Freud (1937) corrected his daughters formulation without naming her explicitly. He asserted that â€Å"id and ego are originally one† and â€Å"the psychical apparatus is intolerant of unpleasure†-implicitly, of unpleasure alone (pp. 240, 237). He also emphasized that defense mechanisms and symptoms are two ways of discussing the same psychic elements: The mechanisms of defence serve the purpose of keeping off dangers. It cannot be disputed that they are successful in this; and it is doubtful whether the ego could do without them altogether during its development. But it is also certain that they may become dangers themselves†¦these mechanisms are not relinquished after they have assisted the ego during the difficult years of its development. They become regular modes of reaction of his character, which are repeated throughout his life whenever a situation occurs that is similar to the original one. This turns them into infantilisms†¦. The adults ego, with its increased strength, continues to defend itself against dangers which no longer exist in reality; indeed, it finds itself compelled to seek out those situations in reality which can serve as an approximate substitute for the original danger, so as to be able to justify, in relation to them, its maintaining its habitual modes of reaction. Thus we can easily understand how the defensive mechanisms, by bringing about an ever more extensive alienation from the external world and a permanent weakening of the ego, pave the way for, and encourage, the outbreak of neurosis. (pp. 237-38) Freud here took for granted his previous account of the origin of defense mechanisms as amalgams of stimulus barriers and symptoms. Defenses can alienate the secondary process from the external world only because symptoms are among their components. As flights from reality, symptoms are inconsistent with the reality principle of secondary process thought. Anna Freuds misunderstanding of her fathers theory of defense was one of several developments in the 1930s that collectively accomplished a paradigm shift in psychoanalytic theory and technique. Wilhelm Reichs Character Analysis (1948), first published in 1933, emphasized that differences in character types reflected differences among the defense mechanisms that individuals favored. Ernst Kris (1934) introduced the concept of â€Å"ego-directed regression, † or â€Å"regression in the service of the ego, † which permitted unconscious manifestations such as play and creativity to be diagnosed as whole-some, where their classical descriptions as â€Å"regression† had meant that they were pathological. Kriss revalorization of fantasy anticipated Anna Freuds revalorization of defense mechanisms. Her catalog of defenses, first published in 1936, supported the clinical technique of defense analysis, where interpretations are made of the defenses, and efforts to interpr et the unconscious drives are postponed until a later phase of the treatment. Heinz Hartmanns (1939) emphasis on the egos devotion to adaptation completed the basic paradigm of ego psychology. Where classical psychoanalysts thought of the benefits derived from symptoms as â€Å"secondary gains† of illness, ego psychologists construed defenses as positive adaptations and left unremarked their inherently fantastic and irrational nature. The idea of repression is perhaps one of the Freudian concepts that call for psychoanalytic treatment. Freud split the mind into three parts, the conscious, the subconscious and the unconscious. The conscious part of the mind is what is being used to read this paper at the moment. The subconscious contains information that is not in the conscious processing zone but could be very readily retrieved. For example, ones spouse, may not be present in consciousness but could quickly be prompted by just mentioning the name. The most important part in the field of psychoanalysis and in which the id and superego operate is the unconscious. The unconscious is that part of mind where so much information is stored but very hard to retrieve. Freud believed that the unconscious is a reservoir of human experiences forced to obscurity by the ego so that they protect the subject from unbearable pains if and when those experiences are remembered. Freud argued that when the ego fears the inability to balance between the ids sexual and aggressive needs and the proper way to attain it as the superego demands, the result is anxiety. In order to deal with this anxiety Freud proposed that the ego develops defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety by reducing or redirecting anxiety in various ways, but always by distorting reality. Before listing the Freudian defense mechanism its prudent to highlight the defense mechanism categories as prescribed by Freud. First, reality anxieties which are fear of objects that can be physically escaped, for example, fear of a snake. Second, neurotic anxiety is a type of anxiety that comes from unconscious worries that the impulses of the ID will overpower the person, leading to impending punishment. Finally, this is fear of moral judgments or fear of violating moral values which result in guilt and shame. The defense mechanism of displacement involves the transfer of feelings or behaviors from a dangerous object to one that is less threatening. A person who is angry with the boss may maintain a discreet silence, then go home and shout at a family member. Or aggressive impulses may be unconsciously diverted from a frightening object to oneself, which may lead to self-inflicted injuries or even to suicide. Anxiety may also be displaced, as when a child who is victimized by abusive parents shies away from people in general. In contrast, the defense mechanism of projection conceals dangerous impulses by unconsciously attributing them to other people or things. For example, projected anger may lead to the belief that you are disliked, hated, or being persecuted by other people. In displacement, you know that you are angry and choose a safer target; in projection, you repress your anger and believe that other people are angry at you. Also, projection always operates unconsciously, whereas some displacements may be conscious. Although projection plays a significant role in the development of paranoid behavior, it is a normal way for very young children to deny their mistakes. Denial is often accompanied by another defense mechanism, fantasy, where unfulfilled needs are gratified in ones imagination. A child may deny weakness not only by playing with reassuring symbols of strength like toy guns or dolls, but also by daydreaming about being a famous general or worthy parent. Virtually everyone daydreams to some extent. As with denial, however, an excessive amount of fantasy prevents the ego from fulfilling its main function perceiving and dealing with reality.

Catholic scandal

Bishop acknowledges the role of crisis Dallas (AP) - American Roman Catholic bishop started a historic gathering of civilian sexual abuse on Thursday and after their mistake triggered the crisis, Infiltration Photo AP Slide AP AP Photo Slide AP Photo Catholic Church Abuse The controversial audio / video casualties are required to further tolerance and accountability Church (WFAA, Dallas) Bishops, Discussion on Sexual Abuse by Pastor (AP) We will take action to propose a recommendation aimed at reforming the efforts of the Church's abuses. The American Catholic Children Sexual Love Scandal occurred in 2002, and it is reported that many archbishop leaders transferred to a new pastor instead of reporting or demolishing a pastor abusing a minor. The scandal involved almost all of the parishes of American Catholics, including 4,400 pastors and 110,000 children abused between 1950 and 2002. Child marriage is legal in several countries. For example, in Yemen, more than a quarter of girls ar e married before 15 years of age. Just in 2010, a 12-year-old bride from Yemen died of internal bleeding after intercourse. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for a 12-year-old girl from Saudi Arabia to marry an 80-year-old man. Child sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Church is a long-standing story that proves that it can be said to be one of the most historical scandals of the century. This is a scandal embodied in Mashiel and embodied in Macheel, effectively destroying the belief and trust that Catholics and Roman Catholics do not have, is the oldest religious institution in the Western world, to the ancient Rome I am back. Times. In addition to the New York Times article Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church: Why It's a Story, countless other magazines, magazines, television stations continue publishing and broadcasting the media on church sexual abuse scandals . Just in 2016, New Yorker announced an article entitled Understanding Catholic Abuse by President Benedict. The C atholic Church is currently suffering from a very serious and serious scandal, Catholic priests and pedophiles sexual abuse. Last year, the Catholic Church had to distribute more than $ 100 million to the resolution of sexual abuse. But when the two Catholic priests in Boston were accused of abusing over 100 boys and young people, the crisis became mainstream. Churches around the world have influenced this scandal. - Cults can be defined as a group of people centered on human religious, social or political ideology (Martin, 2003). This is a sport that respects certain people, uses operation techniques to recruit members and collect funds. Cults require that members fully fund their work and use it to fund the members and provide sexual services for the benefit of the leaders.

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom Thesis Proposal

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom - Thesis Proposal Example The outcome of the research paper will reveal the requirement for both political independence and political accountability of public service broadcasters in the U.K., the part played by regulators in ensuring these partially conflicting aims, and whether they have been able to achieve their objectives. A comparative perspective will be provided by comparing and contrasting the U.K. experience with that of another country. There are over ten statutory and self-regulatory bodies for media and communications in the UK (Collins and Murroni 1996). To support policy making with specific aims and techniques, meaningful rationales for regulatory interventions have to be determined (Harcourt 2005). There is a requirement for content regulation by Ofcom’s â€Å"Content Board† established by the 2003 Act (Open Society Institute 2009), and for economic regulation of public service broadcasting because of technological The main goal of public broadcasting is to engage viewers and listeners in a dialogue about public life. General characterization of the audiences (Freedman 2008), and a need for Independent of government or vested interests, public broadcasting aims to develop the concept of a shared public life correlating with national or regional communities. Broadcasters committed to quality and creativity contribute to social healing and provide information as well as enjoyment. A profoundly democratic phenomenon through which public opinion is expressed and established (Tracey 1998). Hutchison (1999) emphasizes the function of media policy towards maintaining broadcasting freedom, democracy, the enlightenment of the public, as well protecting the state, the citizen and the society. Various critiques about public service broadcasting include the fact that because of independent television, the BBC is unable to get the audience it requires to justify its license fee monopoly (Franklin 2001).  

Summury for food chain lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summury for food chain lesson plan - Essay Example You will get all the information regarding lesson plan and how to use Wikispaces Select the grades you are interested in say 3-5 grades (as you are teaching them) Select the subject say Science. Select the topic in Science say Food Chain and Ecosystem Then select the lesson plan You can select the video you are interested in. Visit the website http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/ select lesson plan option Select the grade 3-5 you will get all the chapters as a list and then select the topic you require. Lesson Plan Week 1 Day 1: Ask the children the leading question â€Å"What did you eat for dinner last night?" Ask them to write what they ate as separate ingredients like beef, pasta, bread, rice etc. Then ask them to categorize the food that they ate as: Source of food- Plants or Animals, Fungi (in case of Mushrooms). Introduce the concept of producers- plants, they make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Introduce the concept of consumers- organisms that eat either the producers or the consumers. Day 2: Categorize consumers as herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and dentritivore (or decomposers). Ask questions as: Name the animals which that eat plants. Name the animals that eat other animals. Name the animals that eat both plants and animals. Name the decomposers. Explain the importance of decomposers. Explain why plants are essential for us.

Sculpture Across the Paliolithic to 300BCE have the same hair Essay

Sculpture Across the Paliolithic to 300BCE have the same hair - Essay Example This idea enables a viewer like me to identify social statuses of Greek models. I believe that the long, symmetric and curly hairstyles imply ancient Greek tradition and culture. Four sculptures from Ancient Greece captured my interest. These sculptures are important works of art, and they are displayed in famous museums. The first is the Statue of a Youth from Paul Getty Museum. This statue is also featured in Janson’s History of Art textbook. The second one is called Head of Hades from the Online Metropolitan Museum of Art. The third is called Statue of a Kouros, which is displayed at J. Paul Getty Villa Museum located in Malibu, California, and the fourth is the Kore, located in Akropolis Museum in Athens and is also featured in Janson’s History of Art. While I was gazing at these works of art, one aspect caught my attention: the similarity in hairstyles of ancient Greek sculptures. I noted that all sculptures have symmetrical braids or curls that cover the forehead. The first sculpture is called Statue of a Youth. It is located at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California under â€Å"Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome Exhibit.† The sculpture dates back to 470-460 BC from ancient Greece. It is made of marble and measures 181 cm. tall. The sculpture presents a young man, a charioteer from Mozia in Sicily. On one hand, his small face and well-built body form emphasizes his youth and strength. On the other, his hairstyle, which according to the caption, â€Å"ends in ringlets,† may seem feminine to modern viewers. Many would think that his hair is fashionable, some would wonder who styled it; others might take interest in the cultural background of the hairstyle. These reflections could lead to the inkling as to why the charioteer has ringed braids. Was this the fad in Ancient Greece or did social status have anything to do with the hairstyle? The caption states, â€Å"The Mozia youth's capped hair ends in ringle ts, an untypical feature, and symmetrical.† This caption acknowledges the fact that the artist employed symmetry in his art, despite the half-twisted gaze of the young man. It also declares that the hairstyle is untypical or uncommon; hence it is important to consider tracing back the history of braiding among CVbnm,.charioteers and the whole society of ancient Greece to know the relevance of the hairstyle in display. Nevertheless, I will reserve my findings in the latter part of this paper. Statue of a Youth (the Mozia Charioteer, detail), 460 B.C., Sikeliote (Sicilian Greek). Marble, h: 181 cm. J. Paul Getty Museum The statue is placed in the middle of the room, making it the center of attraction. From this location, viewers can note the importance of this piece of art in Greek art and culture. The sculpture is not within a glass case. Made of marble, I suppose it can stand heat and cold, and will not tarnish easily. Nevertheless, some features are missing, such as the arms (and hands), nose, and one shoulder, which could help give more information to the viewer. I am not sure if these are intended or the sculpture was actually damaged at some point in its existence. According to the book, the sculpture was damaged when Carthaginian forces seized the artworks from Sicily. The figure, which displays the features or a charioteer from

Assisted Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Assisted Suicide - Research Paper Example Assisted suicide can be in form of Physician assisted suicide, whereby the physician provides the means for death, or Euthanasia which occurs in three forms which include; voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia is whereby the patient gives his or her consent for the termination of his life while non-voluntary is whereby the consent of the patient cannot be acquired maybe due to the reason that he or she cannot make independent decision for example in a child. Involuntary euthanasia refers to the situation whereby the patient is assisted to die against his or her will (Sissela, 2005). This essay will discuss issues concerning assisted suicide revolving around the following scenario. â€Å"You are the manager of the Cancer Center in a small suburban hospital. For the past two weeks you have worked closely with your nursing staff because they have been expressing â€Å"Burn Out† (frustration, dissatisfaction, or lack of interest in a job) as a result of the increase in the number of patients coming to the center who were diagnosed with terminal cancer. Nancy Nurse confided in you that she is particularly saddened about the rapid decline in Mrs. Jones’ health, a 30 year old single mother. She decided that the next time Mrs. Jones comes in for her treatment, she is going to give her an extra dose of a narcotic that could potentially end her life.† The bill of rights protects each and every person against threats to life whether self imposed or otherwise. This means that it is a crime for a person to terminate his or her life through suicide and in fact if not successful, one may face punishment through imprisonment. However, there have been heated constitutional debates on the legality of physician assisted suicide, whereby some support the act while others oppose it based on moral and religious basis (Manning, 2002). In the

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

2 - Essay Example It is difficult to differentiate ‘fake news’ from ‘real news’ in the current society. This is especially true because reliable news comes from unreliable sources. The news from social media has negative effects for audience. Jason Zinser explores the impact of fake news to the American society. So-called fake news programs present a potential problem of deception and dilution. He cites The Daily Show as an example of a program that is likely to misguide Americans because it has no accurateness, impartiality, or journalistic honesty. Although such traits characterize it, it is still widely regarded as among the main sources of information on national events for the population. Entertainment dilutes the news, and fails to highlight its seriousness. In the end, Americans fail to get important information from the news, or derive clues on pertinent information such as terror attacks. Social media at times shape people’s perception of the outside world in a negative manner. This calls for the need of quality information for viewers because it determines their actions and interactions with other cultures that they view on television. Social media should not hold itself to similar journalistic standards that traditional news outlets hold. It is difficult to enhance integrity and responsible news coverage is a station solely focuses on improving its ratings. Jason cites the example of The Daily Show, which uses comedy in trivial news issues that require utmost seriousness. It may be difficult for viewers to differentiate between newsworthy events and pure entertainment. In a similar note, negative consequences result from particular forms of media. Sexist music videos are examples of media forms that may have a negative impact on the society, even though that may not have been the original intention of its creators. Program creators must demonstrate accountab ility

Human resources internal and external recruitment Essay

Human resources internal and external recruitment - Essay Example An example of an internal recruitment is that if an employee X is working as personnel manager in an organization, and there is a vacancy for a post of senior personnel manager, the employee X can be selected to fill the vacancy. The significance of internal recruitment to the organization is that it is cheap. Persons within the organization do not require training for the job, since they are already accustomed to the processes and procedures inside an organization. A further significance is that the employee will require minimal time to adapt in the new office compared to a person from a different organization. An example is when one applies for a job position in a different company that offers an opportunity. The person is transferred from the company he/she was working initially, and moves to a completely new environment. The significance of external recruitment to the organization is that it equips the organization with new skills. The skills are brought along by the new employees employed in the organization. An example of these skills can be efficient management coordination by the individual employed in the organization. External recruitment also increases the reputation of the institute in the job market. The increased popularity of the organization in the job market leads to growth of the organization (Byrnes, 2009). Recruitment is a crucial process that involves the cooperation of both parties in an organization. Internal and external recruitments are both methods of choosing and hiring employees to work in an

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

2 - Essay Example It is difficult to differentiate ‘fake news’ from ‘real news’ in the current society. This is especially true because reliable news comes from unreliable sources. The news from social media has negative effects for audience. Jason Zinser explores the impact of fake news to the American society. So-called fake news programs present a potential problem of deception and dilution. He cites The Daily Show as an example of a program that is likely to misguide Americans because it has no accurateness, impartiality, or journalistic honesty. Although such traits characterize it, it is still widely regarded as among the main sources of information on national events for the population. Entertainment dilutes the news, and fails to highlight its seriousness. In the end, Americans fail to get important information from the news, or derive clues on pertinent information such as terror attacks. Social media at times shape people’s perception of the outside world in a negative manner. This calls for the need of quality information for viewers because it determines their actions and interactions with other cultures that they view on television. Social media should not hold itself to similar journalistic standards that traditional news outlets hold. It is difficult to enhance integrity and responsible news coverage is a station solely focuses on improving its ratings. Jason cites the example of The Daily Show, which uses comedy in trivial news issues that require utmost seriousness. It may be difficult for viewers to differentiate between newsworthy events and pure entertainment. In a similar note, negative consequences result from particular forms of media. Sexist music videos are examples of media forms that may have a negative impact on the society, even though that may not have been the original intention of its creators. Program creators must demonstrate accountab ility

Indigenous Australians Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Australians Essay The current political scene in Australia has the following Indigenous aspects that have been issues for Australians for many years. These are: land rights, education, employment, health and breakdown of culture. These are the main matters of concern politically. ‘So it is like people say, â€Å"Trust me. I’m from the government. † Well, it doesn’t carry any water with our mob’. ( Koori elder, cited in Kaplan-Myrth, Nili, 2005) Recognising that Aborigines and Torres Strait islanders were the First Peoples of Australia and entitled to land rights because of their own culture and laws is a significant part of history and relevant to today’s politics. The persistent land grabs through NSW and Tasmania, the slaughter of the Indigenous, and the controlling policies over the Indigenous are highlighted as part of our history. The Indigenous link to the land and their customs makes native titles a reality, as seen in the Mabo case, and shapes our history as one of the most contentious political situations in Australia today. When the first Europeans set foot on Australian soil, the British Empire declared the land as terra nullius, embarking on a project of land procurement to start a new colony (Macintyre, 2009). In the period 1788 – 1820, many new settlements were developed from Sydney to the Hawkesbury, Parramatta and the Blue Mountains. Governor Philips originally ordered that the Aboriginals be treated with kindness but this sentiment soon disappeared as many Aboriginals, including women and children, were slaughtered for protecting their land. Tasmanian Aboriginals suffered the same fate and were eventually coaxed to live on surrounding islands as per the Batman ‘treaty’ (Macintyre, 2009). Many of the pastoral and grazing lands were taken illegally by squatters who saw a way to make money through occupying land and holding legal interest. This eventually led to squatters licensing 1839, leasing of land and finally the right to buy 1839-1847(Weaver, 1996). Other demands to make land easier for small farmers to acquire came through land reform Acts that started in 1850’s (Boot, 1998). None of these considerations were extended to the original owners of the land. The land was removed from the indigenous community including their rights and culture and the Indigenous people forced to live under the common category as Aborigine. From 1890, the government embarked on various policies for the indigenous people but in most cases further separated them from their culture. The 1901 Australian Constitution stated that Australian Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders were not counted in the census thus affirming lack of recognition. 1905, the White Australia policy restricted immigration and still failed to recognise Australia’s original inhabitants (Macintyre, 2009). Different Aboriginal Community and Protection acts were enforced which removed children from their parents (stolen generations) and made the Indigenous people wards of the state. The instigation of the Assimilation policy, 1937, where it was presumed that all Australians in time would be living like white Australians, exasperated the loss of identity. Even the history of conflict between Indigenous and the military is under debate as Keith Windschuttle argued the numbers of Indigenous killed in battles were considerably fewer than some historians estimate (Harris, J.2003). By the 1960’s the civil rights movements had started the beginning of national black consciousness and in 1967 the Commonwealth referendum voted to empower the Commonwealth to legislate for all Aboriginal people to be counted in the census and give the Commonwealth government specific laws for Indigenous people. Using this as momentum the policy of self determination was initiated which gave powers of self governance and relied on Aboriginals in some remote areas to establish economic independence. This proved to be disappointing as most depended on state welfare (Macintrye, 2009,). However, some Aboriginal Community controlled health facilities have made small advances. The first facility opened in Redfern 1971 (Kaplan-Myrth, Nili, 2005). The most prominent gain for the Indigenous people is the1992 Mabo Case which recognised Aborigines and Torres Straight Islanders as the first people of this land and overturned the doctrine of terra nullius acknowledging the existence of native title. This decision pitted governments, pastoralists, mining industries and the Indigenous peoples against each other. In conjunction with the Mabo Case came the Native Titles Act which commenced operation in 1994 and emphasised the importance of Indigenous people belonging to the land and the significance of Aboriginal culture and laws (Perkins, 2009) Shortly after, the courts ruled in favour of the Wik Case and declared that pastoral leases did not necessarily overrule native title. As a result, relationships between Indigenous people, Government and Australian land owners were strained as native title was not fully understood. When the 1997 Bringing Them Home report described the removal of children from Indigenous families it became the incentive needed to call for an apology and one was finally given by the Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, on 13th February 2008. This was to be the beginning of reconciliation. However, since then, more policies have been made that restrict how the Indigenous receive payments and ‘standards of behaviour’. (Singleton, Aitkin, Jinks, Warhurst, 2013). Aboriginal and non Aboriginal people have not trusted each other for more than 200 years, clearly this continues. This paper shows that our history is relevant to relationships between the Government and Indigenous people. It highlights the abuse of Indigenous people by colonial settlers when taking the lands and their rights. It shows the fight for the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders that was acknowledged through the courts and the start to reconciliation. Understandably, it shows that a very insecure relationship continues. Referenceshave come to stay | Sunday 11 April at 8: Boot, H. (1998). Government and the Colonial Economies. In Australian Economic History Review, 38 (1), 74-101. Harris, J. (2003). Hiding the bodies: the myth of the humane colonisation of Aboriginal Australia. Aboriginal history, 27, 79-101. Kaplan-Myrth, Nili. (2005). Sorry Mates: Reconciliation and Self-Determination in Australian Aboriginal Health. Human Rights Review, Jul-Sep, 6(4),69-83. Macintyre, S. (2009). A Concise history of Australia (3rd ed.), Melbourne: Cambridge University Perkins, R. (2009). SBS Television. ‘A fair deal for a dark race’, Episode 6, the First Australians; retrieved from http://www. sbs. com. au/firstaustralians/index/index/epid/6 Perkins, R. (2009). SBS Television. We are no longer Shadows, Episode 7, the First Australians; retrieved fromhttp://www. sbs. com. au/firstaustralians/index/index/epid/7r deal for a dark race | Sunday 16 May at 8:30pm Singleton, Aitkin, Jinks, Warhurst. (2013). Australian Political Institutions. (10th Ed. ). Pearson Australia.

Strategies for Beginning an Export Business

Strategies for Beginning an Export Business Introduction Of Export Procedure For carrying an export, one must understand and analyze the market, by carry out the research. It is not prudent to for any individual to start export without knowing about the statistics and consumer needs of particular market. However the person is very enthusiastic but still there is always a probability to fail because at times they loss more and earn less out of it. In order to enter into the export market an individual has to take the help of intermediaries and has to give some percentage share as a part of commission, which means by giving a part of profit to intermediaries exporter is having less profit and as intermediaries enter into the contract the price for the customer would be increased. All export good are produced with high efficiency and standard of the quality should be maintained. There is cutthroat competition in the global market everybody wants to Sale its product. The customer always have an option of supplier, so the strategies needs to be adopted for becoming the expert salesman At times the product timely delivery becomes a challenge for exporter but is not due to exporters fault, go-slows, Dock strikes, etc; occurs almost allover the world. If someone is entering for the first time in the export market then, then he has to ensure the efficient fast delivery as per the promised made to the consignee about the consignment. Effective communication is the backbone of the accomplishment of any business. It may be internal or external must be comprehensive and immediate. Similarly communication plays vital role in export. When you are in doubt at that time you can e-mail or phone you client for immediate clarification. Failure in the market of export can be minimized by the use of research of the Global Market. Before going on large scale overseas operation first you have to start will small scale, so that experiment marketing often turns out to be cheaper. There are many thing required before starting a new business of export. So let us discuss the various preliminaries of Starting an export business Preliminaries Exercies Before Starting Export Business Establishment Of Business Organization. The First and the foremost question arise in the mind of potential exporter has to decide is about the business organization needed for the export purpose. It is very important decision an exporter has to take whether a business he has to run will be sole proprietary, partnership firm, HUF or a company. The establishment of healthy organization will depend upon.   Capability to raise finance as an exporter   Capacity to bear the risk as an exporter   Desire to implement the control over the business   Nature of regulatory structure applicable to you In case of sole proprietary business person has to go with the small business unit. It can be set up with minimum expense and legal formalities. The biggest disadvantage of the sole proprietary of the business is limited liability to raise the fund which restricts the growth, and owner also has the unlimited personal liability. To avoid this disadvantage, it is more advisable to start the partnership firm. The partnership firm can be set up with ease and economy. In Partnership firm experience and expertise of the partner is beneficial to the firm. The biggest disadvantage of partnership firm is that when the liability of the partner through joint or several, practically or as per the partnership deed ratio would be distributer among various partners. If your partner has unlimited liability, then this the major disadvantage of partnership firm of business organization is that conflict between the partners is a possible threat to the business. Procedure For Registration Of The Company. The company has to be registered under the company act 1956. Whether the company can be private Ltd or public ltd company. In private ltd company can be registered with minimum 2 Members and maximum up to 50.While in case of Public limited company can be registered with Minimum 7members and no limit for the maximum number of members. It can invite the shareholder or invite public to subscribe the share capital and permit to transfer the shares. The public ltd company has enormous potential to access the substantial funds as per the company law. Mode Of Operation: You may be a proprietor or a partner of a firm, Director of a Private or Public Limited Company or an executive or manager of a small or large size of company and wish to enter into overseas market for selling your products. If you are the manufacturer and would like to sell your products overseas, you may act as Manufacturer Exporter. If you would like to buy products from other manufacturers and sell them in overseas market, you may act as Merchant Exporter. If you are the manufacturer and along with your own products would like to sell products of other manufacturers also, you may act as Manufacturer and Merchant Exporter as well. Manufacturer Exporter means a person who export goods manufactured by him or intends to export such goods. Merchant Exporter means a person engaged in trading activity and exporting or intending to export goods. Importance Of Business Title. Giving the title to the business is always essential task for the exporter. Name or the Title of the business should be simple and meaningful. Title should be indicating the nature of business. Physical office should be at commercial complex and in clean and workable surrounding. After deciding the business title, company has to think about the trade name and logo which reinforces the organization name and image in the global market. Besides this letter head, telephone number, fax number banker name address etc are required. Note: Company has to open the current account in the name of company. It is advisable to open the bank account who is authorized to deal with foreign exchange. Selection Of Product And Company Selecting the product and the company plays a vital role for exporter. Exporter has to understand the demand and the trend of foreign market. Now the exporter has to procure or manufacture selected product at most competitive price. It should be easily available in sufficient quantity and possible to supply repeatedly and regularly. Moreover the product which is selected has to be as per the term of government policy various regulations in respect of selection of product for export. It is value addition if some has previous experience of selection of same commodities which is selected by you for export. Effective Business Correspondence Now the business correspondence should sound professional. For making a favorable and excellent impression all the e-mail should be send from the company domain and if any document or company profile is sent to client then has to be in nice envelope on which companys Name, physical address, phone no and fax details has to be there which gives the clear picture about the company to the client. The entire letter that is written and sends the client needs to be on the companys letter head. A hypothetical specimen export letter is given below: Ref: XYZ/NJK2009/ 20th Jan, 2010 The Purchase Manager M/s.XYZ Ltd. . (U.S.A.) Dear Sir, We are one of the leading exporters of a wide range of items including ABC for the last fifteen years. Our major buyers are..Europe and USA We are one of the registered export houses in India. We represent..15%.indian market and   the leading manufacturers of these items in India. These items are produced in collaboration with BID brands, the world famous company. We follow the ISI specifications. We believe that your company imports the items we export. We are enclosing herewith a copy of our brochure and price list for your perusal. We shall be glad to send you detailed literature/ samples of items that may be of interests to you. Yours sincerely, For JKL PVT Ltd. Director Encl: As above. Your letter should contain the following minimum information about your organization and products Type of organizations- i.e. proprietary, partnership, private limited or limited company and whether you are acting as manufacturer exporter or merchant exporter etc. Range specification and standards of your products and your manufacturing capacity. Whether you are holding any international standard certification for the products you manufacture. Types of consumers which are using your product in India Sales outlets Wholesalers, your own showrooms branch offices, representatives offices in India and abroad. Your sales turnover, including exports sales and Name and address of your bankers. Export Information You may collect the export information from reading various publications which are normally available with the Chambers of Commerce, Export promotin Councils, Banks and various other institutions engaged in international trade. Some private publications/ project reports are also available on certain fees. Export Commodity Selection While selecting the commodity for exports, consider the following points: Your own manufacturing capacity, if you are the manufacturer of a particular commodity. The availability of commodity from other manufacturers when you desire to act as a merchant exporter. The demand for the commodity in the importing country. The Government of Indias policy and regulations in respect of export of various commodities. The foreign Governments policy and regulations in respect of import of various commodities. Total profitability of such commodities considering cash incentives available, If any. The Import replenishment available, if any. Quota fixation, if any, in respect of such commodities in both the countries. Knowledge and experience of similar exporters in respect of the export of such commodities in various countries. Market Selection Target market should be selected after considering the various factors like scope of the product selected, political embargo, stability of demand, Obtaining Particulars Of Foreign Buyers You may obtain the particulars of foreign buyers from either of the following sources: Trade representatives of foreing Government in India as well as the Indian Trade representatives abroad. Various Export Promotion Councils and Commodity Boards and other Government and Semi-Government Agencies. International Trade Directories and International Yellow Pages Participating/Visiting in International Trade Fairs and exhibitions in India and abroad. Reading material i.e. various newspapers, weekly, fortnightly, monthly Trade Bulletins, Magazines, Journals published by various agencies like FIEO, ITPO, EP Councils, Commodity Boards and Chambers of Commerce etc. Advertising in Indian as well as foreign newspapers, magazines and journals. Relatives, friends and other contacts in foreign countries. Once the competition is assessed, you will know your position regarding- (a) the price which you can offer to the overseas buyer, (b) the terms of credit which you can offer, (c) the packaging, transportation, storage, distribution and after-sales-service methods you can adopt; and (d) the promotional efforts which you can offer in terms of publicity literature, visual publicity, advertisement, gifts etc. depending on the product. Negotiating With Prospective Buyers Export Order An order is a commercial transaction which is not only important to the exporter and importer, but it is also of concern to their respective countries, since it affects the balance of payment position of both the countries. It is therefore, not just a matter of product, manufacturing, packing, shipment and payment but also one of the concern to licensing authorities, exchange control authorities and banks dealing in export trade. The exporter is required to produce copies of export order to various Government departments/financial institutions e.g. obtaining export licenses when the product is covered under the restricted items or canalized items for exports, availing post-shipment finance and other incentives and dealing with inspection authorities, insurance underwriters, customs offices and exchange control authorities etc. for various purposes. Order Acceptance: The order acceptance is another important commercial document prepared by the exporter confirming the acceptance of order place by the importer. Under this document he commits the shipments of goods covered at the agreed price during a specified time. Sometimes, the exporter needs a copy of his order acceptance signed by the importer. The order acceptance normally covers the name and address of the indentor, name and address of the consignee, port of shipment, country of final destinations, the description of goods, quantity, price each and total amount of the order, terms of delivery, details of freight and insurance, mode of transport, packing and marking details, terms of payment etc. Export Price Quoting And Costing Although your product is of a good quality, you must give attention to its price and delivery terms. The buyer might have contacted other manufacturers or sellers of the same products like you in India and other countries and select a quality product of competitive price with prompt delivery. While quoting the price, alongwith the cost of product and your profit margin, consider the various expenses such as packing and labeling charges, inspection charges, transportation charges from the place of storage to the place of shipment, port commissioners charges, insurance charges, ocean freight charges, cost of documents and services, expected Bank charges for handling your documents, overseas agent commission or discount if the order is expected through agent or representative and other expenses which you will have to bear in the course of execution of the order. Export being a national necessity, the Government grants concession and assistance in various matters so as to make the product competitive in the overseas market. Therefore, while calculating the price, the following things are also required to be considered- (a) Fiscal incentives like tax concession for production of export goods and drawback of duty. (b) Financial assistance like cash subsidy to offset competition in overseas market. (c) Special incentive scheme like import replenishment licenses (d) General incentives like providing institutional arrangements for export promotion and training in exports, rewarding etc.

Othello :: essays research papers

In William Shakespeare's Othello there is a wide array of themes. One of the themes, which is found true to nearly every character, is of the act of control throughout the play. Another theme portrayed through Iago, is the recurring use of words such as "monkey", "lion", etc. in "romantic" conversation. 	In Othello, characters such as Roderigo, Brabantio, Desdemona, etc. at one point of the play believe that they have complete control over another character or situation only to find that the person or situation is uncontrollable. For instance, in the first scene of the play Roderigo is interested in courting Desdemona so he pays Iago to intercede with her on his behalf. Roderigo now believes that his money has bought him complete control over Iago, but when he finds out of Othello and Desdemona's marriage, he is angry at Iago and tells him,"I take it much unkindly that thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this." However throughout the play Roderigo is still convinced that his money is helping to control Iago, and by the time he finds out that he has lost control, he has already been mortally wounded by Iago. Another example of this theme occurs between the main characters of the play Othello and Iago. Since Othello is a se asoned warrior and leader of the Venetian army, he believes that everyone underneath him will abide by his rulings and commands. And since Othello has had a long term relationship with Iago, he has even more trust and faith in him. But Iago sees this and decides to take advantage of Othello. This is first observed when Iago and Roderigo are speaking of their plan to get Othello against Cassio. After Roderigo exits, Iago lets the audience know of how he will be able to control and lead Othello around. Because of this Othello, who was the controller, has now become controlled by Iago. And the final example that the theme of control is present in the play Othello portrayed through Desdemona. This occurs at the point in the play after the fight between Cassio and Roderigo. Cassio is begging of Desdemona to help him get his job back as lieutenant of the Venetian Army. The newlywed Desdemona is so positive that she can convince Othello to reconcile with him, that she promises Cassio: Do not doubt that: before Emilia here I give thee warrant of thy place.

The United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto Essa

The United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto Both the Communist Manifesto and the United States Constitution share some common ideas. They are documents that strive for ideas that in opposition to one another. The Communist Manifesto and The Constitution of the United States both include what the relationship between an individual and society should be about. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels talked about in the Communist Manifesto what they thought to be the way to solve the problems in the world during that time. Those problems dealt with society, but mainly the poor. They thought that people during those times were too dependent on money and how much of it they made. They wrote the manifesto in hopes to change society. The form of government they used to do this was by way of the Communist Party. "The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country"[i] Within the Communist Party e veryone is equal, and all property belongs to the state. The Constitution of the United States on the other hand was written to restrict the amount of power the government could have. It allows people to have property unlike the Communist Manifesto. Within the Constitution, it is stipulated that the people have control over how much power the government has. According to the first amendment in the Constitution, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grieva... ...heir own liberty and freedom. The idea of what liberty and freedom are is discussed quite differently within the two documents. The constitution calls for democracy, where an individual can have the right to choose what they want their role in society to be. The manifesto helps to explain communism, in which the government decides for each person what his or her role in society is. Notes [i] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/mantwo.htm [ii] The United States Constitution† http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html#amendmenti [iii] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/manone.htm [iv] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/mantwo.htm